Is Ukraine at
Risk of Bankruptcy?
By Wolodymyr Derzko
We’ve all read about Iceland,
which is negotiating with the Russian
Federation for a multi-billion
dollar bailout loan. That begs the question: are other countries at risk of
going bankrupt? Economists have drawn up a list of criteria that puts sovereign
countries at risk. This includes countries with soaring inflation, high current
account deficits; fast and aggressive expansion of consumer credit, easy credit
that fuelled an unsustainable property boom, undercapitalized banks, overheated
stock markets and exposures to short-term overseas borrowing coupled with large
short-term debt repayments. The situation in Ukraine,
unfortunately, meets all of the above criteria and conditions are getting
worse. Ukraine is
especially vulnerable since government revenues are so reliant on steel,
chemical and commodity exports, prices for which are falling as the world heads
into a recessionary period.
These vulnerabilities do
not mean that a crisis/collapse will occur with certainty, but only that the
probabilities are now substantially higher. Bankers from Citibank, J.P. Morgan
and Standard and Poor’s (bond ratings) are forecasting that there is an 80-90%
probability that Ukraine
will face a financial crisis by 2009. Both Ukraine
and Hungary
held emergency meetings with the International Monetary Fund this past weekend
to arrange for billion dollar bailout loans. Ukraine’s
natural gas company Naftogaz, is on the verge of defaulting on a $500 million
Eurobond.
Is there a way to predict
if and when a banking sector or indeed a country might go bankrupt or in
effect, default on its bond obligations to investors? One predictive indicator
is a financial instrument called a Credit Default Swap or CDS. A CDS is an
insurance-like contract that promises to cover losses on a bond in the event of
a default by the bond issuer, such as the government. The buyer of the CDS pays
a premium over a period of time in return for the coverage of losses if a
default should occur.
The CDS market is
relatively new. Created in 1994, it is estimated at 60 trillion dollars today.
The higher the premiums on CDS, the greater the risk of default. For 5-year
bonds issued by emerging governments, currently the CDS premium is from 50 to
200 basis points/year. One basis point, or 0.01 percentage point, is equivalent
to $1,000 on a contract that protects $10 million of debt from default. A
premium of more that 500 basis points is an indication that investors expect a
bond to default. For comparison sake, a few days before their collapses, CDS
premiums hit 740 basis points for Bear Stearns and 724 basis points for Lehman
Brothers. A recent CDS premium on Ukrainian government bonds skyrocketed to
over 900 basis points this month, compared to 350 back in June 2008.
The creditworthiness of at
least 10 countries around the world has more than halved in the last six months
as the global credit crisis has deepened. There are growing fears that along
with Ukraine,
other countries such as Pakistan, Iceland,
three Baltic states (Estonia, Lithuania,
and Latvia), Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Turkey, Kazakhstan, South
Korea, Venezuela, Bolivia
and Argentina
could all slide into a downward spiral towards bankruptcy. Russia
could join the list if crude oil prices fall below $70 a barrel and stay there.
The IMF said it is mobilizing a fund worth several hundred billion dollars to
stop a domino collapse across the developing world.
Ukraine’s
Naftogaz is technically in default on its Euro bond, due in 2009, because it
has not submitted audited accounts for 2007. Naftogaz’ five-year credit default
swaps, are trading at levels around 2,000 basis points, indicating a strong
risk of default. That means it would cost $2 million a year to insure $10
million of five year debt. In Russia,
CDS on Gazprom climbed to a record 1,011, according to CMA Datavision.
Contracts on Russian government debt rose to 738 basis points-now considered
distressed.
If Ukraine
defaults, what could we expect? Ukraine’s
liabilities must be paid by the CDS counter-party or counter-parties. Financing
for Euro 2012 could be in jeopardy. For more answers, we only have to look back
to the Russian 1998 banking crisis, when Russia
(which owned all the banks) was forced to admit insolvency. International
investors fled, dumping Russian assets, which led to a run on the currency.
Assets including real estate plummeted in price. Corruption was rampant. Wages
to state employees went unpaid, causing widespread social and political unrest.
The Russian stock market lost 75 per cent of its value. The IMF eventually
stepped in with a $23 billion financial package and the Russian government was
forced to devalue the rouble. Eventually, calm was restored and global panic
was averted, but, that was a single country crisis. What if we get the
unprecedented situation of 10 or more countries spiralling into bankruptcy all
at once?
How will this affect
Canadians? Well, if you own property in Ukraine,
that high-priced apartment on Khreschatyk, now would be a good time to sell,
and buy something back in a few years as real estate prices settle back to
reasonable levels.
Wolodymyr (Walter) Derzko teaches Entrepreneurship and Innovation at several
post secondary institutions.